By Peter D Fawcett
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Such cases require the translator to have considerable textual competence in the target language, including knowledge of the type of publication involved. By comparing the British Financial Times with the French Le Figaro, Gallagher (1993:153) concludes that it is the British newspaper which has a more restricted set of choices in this situation. He might have found different results with different publications. Divergence may have unwanted side effects. An author may use a device such as ambiguity to create suspense which the target language 43 Translation and Language may not be able to replicate because it must Diverge into unambiguous terms.
Adaptation Adaptation is the final translation technique on Vinay and Darbelnet’s list, and the one most open to controversy. This is demonstrated quite ironically by the two authors themselves. , which needs no further comment. This kind of substitution is supposed to take place when the receiving culture has little or nothing in its experience that would allow it to understand a close translation. Vázquez-Ayora (1977:324) quotes Nida’s example of the absurdity of translating white as snow for a culture which has no knowledge of the substance, a problem referred to in the musical The King and I.
This affects not just things but actions as well. Carl James (1980:93), for example, has contrasted the English terms for ‘cook’ with the much more restricted number of German terms where the word kochen has to stand in for cook, boil and simmer, and where, in spite of all the odds apparently stacked against them, Germans still manage to avoid food poisoning. This is where componential analysis comes in handy for marking out the distinctions, although the terms we are about to use will hopefully be more fruitful for translators.