Download The A to Z of Civil Wars in Africa by Guy Arnold PDF

By Guy Arnold

Ever because the finish of global struggle II, or even extra so considering 1960, while 17 African colonies grew to become self sustaining of colonial rule, the African continent has been ravaged through a sequence of wars. those wars have ranged from liberation struggles opposed to former colonial powers to energy struggles among varied factions within the aftermath of independence. they've got ranged from border wars among newly self sustaining states to civil wars among ethnic teams. As with many conflicts, outdoor forces have been drawn into those wars, and significant powers outdoor the continent intervened on one facet or the opposite for a number of purposes: political ideology, chilly conflict issues, ethnic alignments, and stemming the circulation of violence. no matter if concerning Algeria's fight for independence from French colonial rule, Nigeria's inner struggles to accomplish a balanced kingdom after the British departure, the Rwandan genocide of 1994, or the present ethnic detoxing in Darfur, The A to Z of Civil Wars in...

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1964 Revolution in Zanzibar ends Arab domination; Liberation struggle against the Portuguese launched in Mozambique. 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) by the white minority government in Rhodesia. 1966–90 Civil wars between North and South in Chad, involving French and Libyan interventions. 1967–70 Civil war in Nigeria. 1971 Idi Amin comes to power in Uganda. 1972 Hutu uprising against Tutsi domination in Burundi; End of first civil war in Sudan. 1974 Beginning of “creeping” revolution in Ethiopia; downfall of Haile Selassie; Overthrow of the Caetano government in Portugal signals end of Portugal’s African empire.

The first lesson to be learned is that peace agreements too often reflect the “reasoning” of the mediators as opposed to the “aspirations” of the combatants. As long as this is the case, such agreements are liable to be broken almost as soon as they are made, and certainly as soon as one or the other side sees an advantage in breaking such an agreement. Furthermore, a mediator is unlikely to have any success if one side in a conflict believes it is on the verge of winning outright. This was the situation in 1997 when President Nelson Mandela of South Africa attempted to mediate in the Zaire conflict: there was no reason why Laurent Kabila should stop an advance, which by that time, showed every sign of succeeding absolutely.

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