By Dr. Trudy Griffin-Pierce, J. Jefferson Reid, Stephanie M. Whittlesey
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Procuring 28 Chapter 1 food with these techniques meant that the population had to be thinly dispersed over a large range. Since small groups carried out most economic work, there was little need for highly centralized leadership. Typically women did the gathering and food preparation and constructed dwellings and clothing as well as took care of the children. Men were occupied with hunting, raiding, and warfare, though they also helped to gather the agave (also known as the century plant or mescal) and prepare the oven in which to bake this primary food source.
Except for the Navajo and Western Apache, who had matrilineal clans, the Apacheans reckoned kinship bilaterally, which meant that both male and female sides of the family were of equal importance in ¤guring kinship ties. Typical of band organization, bilaterality provided more options in terms of band membership. Subsistence and Division of Labor The severe weather and short season of the mountains and the unpredictable water supply of lowlands in Chiricahua territory were not conducive to farming.
After Apacheans acquired the horse from the Spaniards, they served as a conduit for this valuable resource, introducing horses to the Plains tribes. Mescalero medicine man Bernard Second told historian Eve Ball that the Cheyennes honored the Apaches in song for giving them the horse. ” According to linguistic evidence, the Kiowa-Apache were the ¤rst to divide from the main group as they moved eastward onto the southern Plains, into present-day Oklahoma. The Western Apache moved into the central mountains of what is now Arizona, while the Navajo expanded westward and southward from the Four Corners region.