By Andrea Guerrini, Giulia Romano
This publication describes the water region because it is based in Italy. the 1st half describes the felony framework which ideas the field in Italy, its evolution because the final two decades, and its weaknesses. the second one half describes the governance of Italian water utilities, distinguishing complete public-owned businesses from public-private partnership and personal businesses. The 3rd half experiences insights on water utilities functionality to investigate the presence of economies via scope, scale and density within the Italian water region, and to ensure the presence of any adjustments when it comes to potency and price lists between private and non-private corporations. The fourth half describes the funding guidelines conducted through water utilities, staring at the complete volume of in keeping with capita investments and the particular recognition of deliberate investments. The 5th half describes if and the way utilities utilized water conservation practices to incentive the sustainable water use.
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Water Resour Manage 27(9):3409–3419 Rossi D, Young E, Epp D (1979) The cost impact of joint treatment of domestic and poultry processing wastewaters. Land Econ 55(4):444–459 Saal D, Parker D (2000) The impact of privatization and regulation on the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales: a translog cost function model. Manag Decis Econ 21(6):253–268 Saal D, Parker D, Weyman-Jones T (2007) Determining the contribution of technical efficiency and scale change to productivity growth in the privatized English and Welsh water and sewerage industry: 1985–2000.
Thus, all cash flows must be used to pay back the project financing, leaving no possibility for new investment. Therefore, AV was forced to cut new investment in 2013, bringing it to its lowest level in 7 years. As AV tackled these water management problems, the AEEG issued the MTT covering 2012 and 2013, which recognized as specific components of the tariff the OPEX, CAPEX, other operating costs, borrowing costs, income taxes, and IRAP, while applying the FCR rule. 2 Factors Limiting the Investment Realizations in the Italian Water Sector… 43 by considering the cumulative investments realized up to 2 years prior; (3) the so-called “gradual mechanism” for efficiency improvement was problematic; and (4) the AEEG extended the useful life of investments, diluting the cash flows generated from depreciation over additional years.
In South Asia, no investments to extend water distribution systems have been made by private water firms; moreover, in the areas analyzed, though new household connections have been made through the investments of private utilities, the number is far below expectations. The same finding was reported by Vinnari and Hukka (2007) for Estonia, where the privatization of Tallinn’s water utility increased its debt exposure and tariffs. An empirical study (Hassanein and Khalifa 2007) analyzed the debt-to-equity ratio of water utilities operating in various countries (the USA, the UK, Egypt, and other developing countries) and found that, in developing countries and Egypt, water utilities had a higher debt-to-equity ratio than in the USA, highlighting the dependence of the former areas on debt as a method of finance.