By Sam A. Maddra
On March 30, 1891less than 4 months after the army suppression of the Lakota Ghost Dance at Wounded Knee, South Dakotatwenty-three Lakota Sioux imprisoned at citadel Sheridan, Illinois, have been published into the custody of William F. Cody. Buffalo Bill,” as Cody used to be identified, then employed the prisoners as performers. categorized hostiles” by means of the government, the Lakotas might learn how to play hostiles earlier than British audiences in 189192 as a part of the Wild West’s moment journey of Britain.In Hostiles? Sam A. Maddra relates an ironic story of Indian accommodationand protection of the Ghost Dance, which the Lakotas believed was once a principled, restorative faith. To the U.S. military, their faith used to be a uprising to be suppressed. To the Indians, it provided wish in a time of significant transition. To Cody, it turned a way to draw British audiences. With those Lakotas, the showman may perhaps supply dramatic reenactments of the army’s conquest, starring none except the very hostile Indians” who had staged the hot uprising” in South Dakota.Cody’s narrative of conquest is mostly rejected, yet few humans even at the present time query even if the Lakotas had twisted the unique Ghost Dance right into a violent resistance stream. Drawing on resources past historians have neglected, Maddra indicates the fallacy of this view. Appended to this quantity are 5 of brief Bull’s narratives, together with a brand new translation through Raymond J. DeMallie of a 1915 interview.
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Additional info for Hostiles?: The Lakota Ghost Dance And Buffalo Bill's Wild West
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But as Commissioner John H. 51 Thomas Morgan, a Baptist 00 maddra i-xii, 1-44 1/6/06 11:11 AM Page 25 LAKOTA CULTURE IN AN ERA OF CHANGE 25 minister and educator, succeeded Oberly as commissioner of Indian affairs in June 1889. Unlike Oberly, Morgan did not hesitate to “use the coercive powers of his office. . ”52 In November 1889, Morgan decided to investigate what effect traveling with Wild West exhibitions had upon the Indians. 53 He wanted to know “what manner of life” the returned showmen were living, what influence they were having on their associates, and what the general health of the returnees was, including what diseases they may have brought back to the reservations.
Further stimulus came with the passage of the Omnibus Bill in February 1889, which provided for the admission to statehood of North and South Dakota later that year. To open the Lakota homeland, Congress enacted two measures. 15 Again, the Lakota had resolved to resist all coercion. But this time, under the experienced hand of Gen. George Crook, the commissioners adopted a different approach and worked behind the scenes to entice individuals away from the influence of their chiefs. 17 American Horse recalled: “I signed the bill and 580 signed with me.
The uses that were made of their accounts had multiple motivations, such as settling old disputes, whether between two different factions of Lakota, or between an agent and an influential tribal leader opposed to government policies. Mooney perhaps used what was available to him at the time, but subsequent historians have had a much broader spectrum of sources available to them. Although Mooney’s interpretation of the Lakota Ghost Dance can be criticized as being too narrow, this does not invalidate his monumental work on the Ghost Dance as a whole.