By Peter Knoepfel
Having had the possibility of receiving significant public funds (mainly from the Swiss nationwide technological know-how beginning) for various en- ronmental coverage stories in Switzerland and in a foreign country over the past 25 years, i've got made up our minds to place the implications – released customarily in German and French but additionally in English in lots of clinical journals, monographs and publication sections – in one publication on behalf of my scholars, more youthful sch- ars attracted to coverage research courting from the interval of the 1st en- ronmental regulations, and my neighbors educating this topic in Switzerland and out of the country. the factors used to choose the fifteen contributions have been their impression at the medical debate on the time in their e-book, their validity for p- despatched conceptualizations of coverage research within the box of our surroundings, 1 and their contribution to the improvement of coverage research as a complete . additionally, the chosen contributions often concentrate on empirical appli- tions within the box of environmental rules or the interface among en- ronmental and non-environmental guidelines. a few have resulted in concrete p- icy techniques of which so much were partially carried out seeing that, at the least inside of my very own nation. This examine additionally occasionally addressed neighborhood political administrative preparations resulting in administrative reforms and new strategic instructions of imposing agencies.
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2 Fixed versus flexible programmes In the early stages of environmental policies, it is desirable to have a separate policy for the management of pollution in each component affected within the environment, and in particular for air, water, soil, noise and nature. Such programmes may vary from each other when it comes to practi- 36 2 Approaches to an Effective Framework cal action. The more national regulations are couched in purely general terms, the more it is left to the executing authorities to decide just how to interpret them.
Thus, the precise manner in which these points are dealt with in the basic texts – and which, despite its technicity, is of major political significance – can tend to strengthen, or alternatively weaken, the practical effect of the limits prescribed. In matters of the environment as in other contexts, the old saying that “he who wants to chance his arm can get away with it” holds true. It follows that, as a matter of political reality, the ostensibly purely technical question of just how pollution limits are to be enunciated has manifestly assumed what might in all innocence be considered an improbable sensitivity.
Rather than attempt the interminable task of coping with the side-effects of these other policies, the environmental authorities are becoming more and more determined on open confrontation with those policies at the national programming level, and likewise at the implementation stage. Towards this end, within official administrations bridgeheads were – and rightly continue to be – established so as to promote such inter-policy cooperation. Among the possibilities being considered in this connection, mention may be made of interdepartmental working groups, stationing “satellite” officials of the environmental authority in other ministries, and of incorporating elements of non-environmental policies in those for the environment.